The "Dark Ages" is a historical periodization traditionally referring to the Middle Ages

a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries and marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity. The traditional view focuses more on the early modern aspects of the Renaissance and argues that it was a break from the past, but many historians today focus more on its medieval aspects and argue that it was an extension of the middle ages

English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution

Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet

English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. His main discoveries include the principles underlying electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis

Theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity. E = mc2

Pythagoras of Samos was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism

Italian polymath of the Renaissance whose areas of interest included invention, drawing, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography

Roman politician, military general, and historian who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire

English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist

French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars

A king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty. He was born in Pella in 356 BCE and succeeded his father Philip II to the throne at the age of 20. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India. He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders.

Also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as "the war to end all wars", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history, with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide.

Modern computers

Troy was a city in the far northwest of the region known in late Classical antiquity as Asia Minor, now known as Anatolia in modern Turkey, just south of the southwest mouth of the Dardanelles strait and northwest of Mount Ida.

The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature

Rome is the capital city and a special comune of Italy (named Comune di Roma Capitale). Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region.

A nuclear weapon ( also called an atom bomb, nuke, atomic bomb, nuclear warhead, A-bomb, or nuclear bomb) is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions.

The Metropolitan Railway was a passenger and goods railway that served London from 1863 to 1933. It opened to the public on 10 January 1863 with gas-lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives, the world's first passenger-carrying designated underground railway.

The history of writing traces the development of expressing language by letters or other marks and also the studies and descriptions of these developments.

first way use of powder

The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped masonry structures located in Egypt.

Christianity is an Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, as described in the New Testament.

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit

Babylon was a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia from the 18th to 6th centuries BCE.

The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.

Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath.

English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors is now widely accepted, and considered a foundational concept in science. In a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, in all likelihood independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier.

Italian poet during the Late Middle Ages. His Divine Comedy, originally called "Comedìa" and later christened Divina by Giovanni Boccaccio, is widely considered the most important poem of the Middle Ages and the greatest literary work in the Italian language.

Italian Dominican friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, cosmological theorist, and Hermetic occultist

The French Revolution was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies beginning in 1789.

also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. The vast majority of the world's countries—including all the great powers—eventually formed two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. A state of total war emerged, directly involving more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. The major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history, marked by 50 to 85 million fatalities, most of whom were civilians in the Soviet Union and China. It included massacres, the genocide of the Holocaust, strategic bombing, premeditated death from starvation and disease, and the only use of nuclear weapons in war

Nicéphore Niépce — French inventor, usually credited as the inventor of photography and a pioneer in that field

Broadcasted television

Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith by profession, developed, circa 1439, a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his own. His newly devised hand mould made possible the precise and rapid creation of metal movable type in large quantities. Movable type had been hitherto unknown in Europe. In Europe, the two inventions, the hand mould and the printing press, together drastically reduced the cost of printing books and other documents, particularly in short print runs.

It was a major advance in the history of anatomy over the long-dominant work of Galen, and presented itself as such

Islam is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion teaching that there is only one God (Arabic: Allah), and that Muhammad is the messenger of God.

On 12 April 1961, 6:07 am UTC, the Vostok 3KA-3 (Vostok 1) spacecraft with Gagarin aboard was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome.

Europe discovers America

First steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot